Environmental health risk analysis on geotourism destination at ijen unesco global geopark – Indonesia

UDC: 
57.045
DOI: 
10.21668/health.risk/2026.1.04.eng
Authors: 

Kh. Khoiron1, I. Ma’rufi1, А.А. Akbar1, Т.А. Ode1, R.B. Antika1, R.P. Ridzkyanto1, Kh. Ali2

Organization: 

1University of Jember, 37 Kalimantan Str., Jember, 68121, Indonesia
2Jenderal Soedirman University, 708 Profesor DR. HR Boenyamin Str., Purwokerto, 53122, Indonesia

Abstract: 

This study aims to analyze health risks in the Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark (UGG). This quantitative study was conducted in eight sites of Ijen UGG in Bondowoso Region (Gentongan water fall, Kalipait acid flow, Megasari peak, So'on solor stone, Black lava plalangan, Blawan hot spring, Wurung crater, and Paltuding). Health risk was the main variable composed by four criteria, namely, sanitation risk, operational risk, visitor safety risk, and natural disaster risk. Health risk was categorized into high (score: ≥ 217), moderate (score: 74–216), low (score: 73–144), and no risk (score: ≤ 72). The data were analyzed descriptively.

The environmental sanitation risk assessment found deficiencies in clean water, suboptimal waste management, and a shortage of appeal boards. Operational risks involved shortages of health facilities, signage, and warnings. Visitor safety risks were related to dangerous trail conditions, while natural disaster risks were related to potential fires, floods, and flash floods.

The environmental health risk exhibited the highest sanitation risk at the Kalipait Site, the highest operational risk at Gentongan Waterfall, and dangerous visitor safety risk at Gentongan and Kalipait Waterfall. The highest natural disaster risk was identified at the Kalipait geosite. Nevertheless, the highest health risks were established in the Kalipait Acid flow (score: 259), Gentongan Waterfall (score: 246), and Megasari Peak (score: 223).

Based on the risk evaluation in Ijen UGG, the majority of Geosites are safe, but those at risk need infrastructure im-provements and community participation. Mitigation and education efforts need to be enhanced to minimize the identified risks. To improve visitor safety, it is necessary to implement public education programs and to train officers how to handle emergency conditions.

Keywords: 
environmental health risk, health risk, geosites, Ijen UGG, geotourism
Khoiron Kh., Ma’rufi I., Akbar A.A., Ode T.A., Antika R.B., Ridzkyanto R.P., Ali Kh. Environmental health risk analysis on geotourism destination at Ijen Unesco Global Geopark – Indonesia. Health Risk Analysis, 2026, no. 1, pp. 43–53. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2026.1.04.eng
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Received: 
21.10.2025
Approved: 
11.03.2026
Accepted for publication: 
26.03.2026

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