Preconception maternal exposure: Risk of fetal and infant losses

UDC: 
614.876:614.1
DOI: 
10.21668/health.risk/2024.3.09.eng
Authors: 

S.F. Sosnina, P.V. Okatenko, M.E. Sokolnikov

Organization: 

Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, 19 Ozyorskoe shosse, Ozyorsk, 456783, Russian Federation

Abstract: 

Safety of female personnel exposed to occupational radiation is still a topical issue of radiation epidemiology. Mayak Production Association is the first Russian atomic enterprise and women made a quarter of its personnel. Fetal and infant losses (FILs) that include stillbirths and infant mortality could be used as an important criterion for assessing the effects of maternal preconception (prior to conception) exposure.

The aim of this study was to assess FILs risk among the offspring of female Mayak PA workers exposed to occupational preconception external gamma-radiation.
A retrospective analysis was performed among 15307 children born in 1949–1973; mothers of 4880 of them were Mayak PA workers. FILs were analyzed taking into account sex of the offspring, period of their birth, nosologies, parental age, and dose categories of preconception exposure. Methods of non-parametrical statistics were used and calculation of relative risk was performed with 95 % confidence interval.

In general, fetal and infant losses demonstrated no statistical differences, 44.5 for 103 in the main group, 38.7 for 103 in the reference group, χ2 =2.79, p = 0.95. A statistically significant increase of FILs, stillbirths and infantile mortality was detected among the offspring with only their mothers working at Mayak PA. Dynamics analysis established the period from 1949 to 1953, in which FILs, stillbirths and infantile mortality were higher among the offspring of exposed mothers. Statistically significant differences in the FILs structure were obtained for fetal death that was more often registered in the main group, 3.48 vs 1.34 for 103, χ2 = 7.54, p = 0.006. FILs risk among mothers working at Mayak PA aged under 20 was statistically significantly higher for girls, 2.42 (1.25–4.67), and for both sexes, 2.16 (1.37–3.4). FILs were associated with the dose range of preconception external gamma-radiation of mothers from 0.16 mGy to 3006 mGy. The study also established certain categories of preconception exposure of the ovaries with significantly higher stillbirth risk in the main group as opposed to the reference one.

Keywords: 
fetal and infant losses, stillbirths, infant mortality, offspring of exposed individuals, radiation, preconception exposure, dose to the gonads, external gamma-radiation, Mayak PA
Sosnina S.F., Okatenko P.V., Sokolnikov M.E. Preconception maternal exposure: risk of fetal and infant losses. Health Risk Analysis, 2024, no. 3, pp. 78–88. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2024.3.09.eng
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Received: 
11.06.2024
Approved: 
13.09.2024
Accepted for publication: 
20.09.2024

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