Factors and level of the total cardiovascular risk for people in the north-eastern Russia

UDC: 
616-008.9
DOI: 
10.21668/health.risk/2024.3.08.eng
Authors: 

I.N. Bezmenova, I.V. Averyanova

Organization: 

“Arktika” Scientific Research Center of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Karla Marksa Av., Magadan, 685000, Russian Federation

Abstract: 

In northern regions, cardiovascular pathology tends to be more aggressive, is likely to occur at a young age already and often results in disability and even mortality among people who have not yet reached the retirement age.
The aim of this study was to assess the structure and age-specific dynamics of basic factors able to cause cardiovascular diseases in men living in northern regions and the total cardiovascular risk.

We conducted a one-center experimental cross-sectional comparative one-sample study of 116 men living in the north of the Magadan region. The complex study program included questioning, anthropometric examination, laboratory biochemical tests and molecular-genetic screening of candidate genes of essential hypertension (AGT (rs 4762), AGTR1 (rs5186), ADD1 (rs4961), NOS3 (rs2070744), and АСЕ (rs4340)). Genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The total cardiovascular risk was calculated using the SCORE scale.

The structure of basic risk factors that can cause cardiovascular diseases in men in the Magadan region includes both modifiable (smoking, obesity, essential hypertension, and dyslipidemia) and non-modifiable ones (climatic-geographic and genetic risk factors) in various age groups. With age, risk factors exert stronger influence on each other thus aggravating the clinical course of cardiovascular diseases and increasing risks of fatal cardiac events. This is especially important for northern regions where people are exposed to such non-modifiable risk factors as extreme climate. Moderate risk of cardiovascular diseases (according to the SCORE scale) was established for all men living in the North already at a young age. Therefore, a key task is to develop a strategy for active prevention of cardiovascular pathology that covers public at large starting from younger age groups.

Keywords: 
total cardiovascular risk, genetic risk factors, SNP, cardiovascular prevention, essential hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, North
Bezmenova I.N., Averyanova I.V. Factors and level of the total cardiovascular risk for people in the North-Eastern Russia. Health Risk Analysis, 2024, no. 3, pp. 67–77. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2024.3.08.eng
References: 
  1. Popov S.V., Garganeeva A.A., Borel K.N., Kuzheleva E.A., Okrugin S.A. Myocardial infarction in young patients: long-term analysis of specificity of appearance, clinical course and strategies of management. Kompleksnye problemy serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii, 2016, no. 4, pp. 66–72. DOI: 10.17802/2306-1278-2016-4-66-72 (in Russian).
  2. Boytsov S.A., Pogosova N.V., Ansheles A.A., Badtieva V.A., Balakhonova T.V., Barbarash O.L., Vasyuk Yu.A., Gambaryan M.G. [et al.]. Cardiovascular prevention 2022. Russian national guidelines. Rossiiskii kardiologicheskii zhurnal, 2023, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 119–249. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2023-5452 (in Russian).
  3. Wang H., Liu J., Feng Y., Ma A., Wang T. The burden of cardiovascular diseases attributable to metabolic risk factors and its change from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis and prediction. Front. Epidemiol., 2023, no. 3, pp. 1048515. DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1048515
  4. Shalnova S.A., Oganov R.G., Deev A.D. Assessment and management of total cardiovascular disease risk in Russian population. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika, 2004, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 4–11 (in Russian).
  5. Bolotova E.V., Kovrigina I.V. Dynamics of the factors cardiovascular diseases depending on a dispensary observation status in the regional polyclinic of Krasnodar, 2015–2018. Yuzhno-Rossiiskii zhurnal terapevticheskoi praktiki, 2021, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 62–69. DOI: 10.21886/2712-8156- 2021-2-2-62-69 (in Russian).
  6. Sofronova S.I., Romanova A.N. Assessment of the total cardiovascular risk among indigenous population of Yakutia Arctic zone. Yakutskii meditsinskii zhurnal, 2018, no. 3 (63), pp. 78–80. DOI: 10.25789/YMJ.2018.63.26 (in Russian).
  7. Ji Kang, Rosalam Che Me, Khairul Manami Kamarudin, Ruhaizin Sulaiman. Healthy lifestyle as a way to manage health risks: components and factors. Analytical review. Health Risk Analysis, 2023, no. 4, pp. 158–171. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.4.15.eng
  8. Bichurin D.R., Atmaikina O.V., Cherepanova O.A. Cardiovascular diseases. A regional aspect. Mezhdunarodnyi nauchno-issledovatel'skii zhurnal, 2023, no. 8 (134), pp. 116. DOI: 10.23670/IRJ.2023.134.103 (in Russian).
  9. Bebyakova N.A., Levitskiy S.N., Pervukhina O.A. Polymorphism of renin-angiotenzin system genes in residents of the European North. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya, 2019, no. 3, pp. 113 (in Russian).
  10. Khasnulin V.I., Sevost'yanova E.V. Influence of pathologic meteosensitivity on development of arterial hypertension in the North. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Povolzhskii region. Meditsinskie nauki, 2013, no. 1 (25), pp. 92–101 (in Russian).
  11. Zenchenko T.A., Varlamova N.G. Hemodynamic response characteristics of healthy people to changes in meteorological and geomagnetic factors in the North. Geofizicheskie protsessy i biosfera, 2015, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 50–66 (in Russian).
  12. Varlamova N.G. Arterial pressure in men and women of the North. Izvestiya Komi nauchnogo tsentra UrO RAN, 2011, no. 4 (8), pp. 52–55 (in Russian).
  13. Revich B.А., Khar'kova Т.L., Kvasha Е.А. Mortality among adults in the arctic macro-region: dynamics, structure and features. Health Risk Analysis, 2023, no. 1, pp. 13–26. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.1.02.eng
  14. Berger J.S., Jordan C.O., Lloyd-Jones D., Blumenthal R.S. Screening for cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2010, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 1169–1177. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.066
  15. Viktorova I.A., Shirlina N.G., Stasenko V.L., Muromtseva G.A. The prevalence of traditional risk factors for cardio-vascular disease in the Omsk region: data of the ESSE-RF2 study. Rossiiskii kardiologicheskii zhurnal, 2020, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 3815. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3815 (in Russian).
  16. Grevtsova E.A., Nikolaeva A.D., Chukina G.V. Zdorov'e naseleniya Ryazanskoi oblasti i faktory, vliyayushchie na nego [Health of the population in the Ryazan region and factors influencing it]. Ryazan, Ryazan State University named after S.A. Yesenin Publ., 2023, 145 р. (in Russian).
  17. Boitsov S.A., Filippov E.V., Shal’nova S.A., Iakushin S.S., Balanova Iu.A. Risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in the Ryazan Region (according to the data of the MERIDIAN-RU trial as the ESSE-RF pilot project). Profilakticheskaya meditsina, 2013, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 48–54 (in Russian).
  18. Smirnova E.A. Dynamics of cardiovascular risk factor prevalence in Ryazan region. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika, 2013, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 35–39. DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2013-3-35-39 (in Russian).
  19. Artemieva G.B., Kalinin R.E., Filippov E.V., Khominets V.V. Risk factor management: opportunity or necessity? Natsional'noe zdravookhranenie, 2022, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 2–19. DOI: 10.47093/2713-069X.2022.3.3.12-19 (in Russian).
  20. Smirnova E.A., Terekhovskaya Yu.V., Molodtsova A.A., Yakushin S.S. Arterial hypertension in Ryazan region: data of the third section of the EPOHA study. Rossiiskii kardiologicheskii zhurnal, 2019, no. 6, pp. 49–53. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2019-6-49-53 (in Russian).
  21. Bolotova E.V., Samorodskaya I.V., Komissarova I.M. Gender and age specifics of cardiovascular risk factors preva-lence in rural communities of Krasnodarsky krai. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika, 2015, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 47–52. DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2015-1-47-52 (in Russian).
  22. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and in-tervention strategies. Lancet, 2004, vol. 363, no. 9403, pp. 157–163. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15268-3
  23. Williams B., Mancia G., Spiering W., Agabiti Rosei E., Azizi M., Burnier M., Clement D.L., Coca A. [et al.]. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J. Hypertens., 2018, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1953–2041. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001940
  24. Kukharchuk V.V., Ezhov M.V., Sergienko I.V., Arabidze G.G., Bubnova M.G., Balakhonova T.V., Gurevich V.S., Kachkovsky M.A. [et al.]. Diagnostics and correction of lipid metabolism disorders in order to prevent and treat atherosclerosis. Russian recommendations VII revision. Ateroskleroz i dislipidemii, 2020, no. 1 (38), pp. 7–40. DOI: 10.34687/2219-8202.JAD.2020.01.0002 (in Russian).
  25. NCEP National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final report. Circulation, 2002, vol. 106, no. 25, pp. 3143–3421. DOI: 10.1161/circ.106.25.3143
  26. Boytsov S.A., Pogosova N.V., Bubnova M.G., Drapkina O.M., Gavrilova N.E., Eganyan R.A., Kalinina A.M., Karamnova N.S. [et al.]. Cardiovascular prevention 2017. Russian national guidelines. Rossiiskii kardiologicheskii zhurnal, 2018, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 7–122. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2018-6-7-122 (in Russian).
  27. Barbaruk Yu.V. “Tobacco epidemic” in the North-East of Russia. Pul’monologiya, 2022, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 181–188. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2022-32-2-181-188 (in Russian).
  28. Inoue-Choi M., Freedman N.D., Saito E., Tanaka S., Hirabayashi M., Sawada N., Tsugane S., Usui Y. [et al.]. Low-intensity cigarette smoking and mortality risks: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies in Japan. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2022, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 1276–1290. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab224
  29. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017. Monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies. WHO. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255874/9789241512824-eng... (February 01, 2024).
  30. Benjamin E.J., Virani S.S., Callaway C.W., Chamberlain A.M., Chang A.R., Cheng S., Chiuve S.E., Cushman M. [et al.]. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2018 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2018, vol. 137, no. 12, pp. e67–e492. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558
  31. Balanova Y.A., Shalnova S.A., Imaeva A.E., Kapustina A.V., Muromtseva G.A., Evstifeeva S.E., Tarasov V.I., Redko A.N. [et al.]. Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension in Russian Federation (Data of Observational ESSE-RF-2 Study). Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology, 2019, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 450–466. DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2019-15-4-450-466
  32. Klop B., Elte J.W.F., Castro Cabezas M. Dyslipidemia in obesity: mechanisms and potential targets. Nutrients, 2013, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1218–1240. DOI: 10.3390/nu5041218
  33. Hall J.E., do Carmo J.M., da Silva A.A., Wang Z., Hall M.E. Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mecha-nistic links. Nat. Rev. Nephrol., 2019, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 367–385. DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0145-4
  34. Bhupathiraju S.N., Hu F.B. Epidemiology of obesity and diabetes and their cardiovascular complications. Circ. Res., 2016, vol. 118, no. 11, pp. 1723–1735. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306825
  35. Veretyuk V.V., Tsygankova O.V., Ametov A.S. Evaluation of a Cardiovascular Risk in Young Men. Doctor.Ru, 2023, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 7–17. DOI: 10.31550/1727-2378-2023-22-4-7-17 (in Russian).
  36. Metelskaya V.A., Shalnova S.A., Deev A.D., Perova N.V., Gomyranova N.V., Litinskaya O.A., Evstifeeva S.E., Artamonova G.V. [et al.]. Analysis of atherogenic dyslipidemias prevalence among population of Russian Federation (results of the ESSE-RF Study). Profilakticheskaya meditsina, 2016, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 15–23. DOI: 10.17116/profmed201619115-23 (in Russian).
Received: 
21.03.2024
Approved: 
19.09.2024
Accepted for publication: 
23.09.2024

You are here

Home