The significance of green spaces for protecting health of urban population
B.A. Revich
Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Nakhimovskii Ave., Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation
Green spaces (green infrastructure, green areas) are important components of urban environment. They are able to mitigate health outcomes of climatic risks, exposure to urbanization and adverse environmental factors. Bigger areas covered with plants should increase their accessibility for people living in cities. Analysis of the results reported in foreign studies that addressed influence of green spaces on public health proves that they promote physical activity by urban citizens, sports included, development of interpersonal communication and social interactions, improve mental health, and reduce prevalence of diabetes mellitus and other diseases.
In some cases massive construction of residential housing and public buildings in Russian megacities and large cities led to reduction in green areas. The existing construction standards in Russia do not consider the recommendation of the WHO/Europe that requires accessibility of green spaces within a 15–20 minute walking distance and provision of 9 m2 of green spaces per person. Utility of green spaces for public health depends on evenness of their distribution. In case their distribution is mosaic, their benefits for public health and protection capacities are reduced.
The present review shows the importance, needs and advantages of developing green infrastructure with continuous canopy that create potent green shading.
- Khodjayan A.B., Karabaktsyan G.A. The effect of green stands on human health. Problemy sotsial'noi gigieny, zdravookhraneniya i istorii meditsiny, 2022, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 600–607. DOI: 10.32687/0869-866X-2022-30-4-600-607 (in Rus-sian).
- Revich B.A. Urban planning and public health: analytical review. Health Risk Analysis, 2022, no. 1, pp. 147–161. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2022.1.17.eng
- Klimanova O.A., Kolbovskii E.Yu., Illarionova O.A. Zelenaya infrastruktura goroda: otsenka sostoyaniya i proek-tirovanie razvitiya [Green City Infrastructure: State Assessment and Development Design]. Moscow, Tovarishchestvo nauchnykh izdanii KMK, 2020, 324 p. (in Russian).
- Benedict M., MacMahon E.T. Green infrastructure: smart conservation for the 21st century. Renew. Resour. J., 2002, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 12–17.
- Podoinitsyna D.S. Kriticheskii analiz kontseptsii «Zelenaya infrastruktura» [Critical analysis of the Green Infrastructure concept]. Arkhitektura i sovremennye informatsionnye tekhnologii, 2016, no. 1 (34), pp. 12 (in Russian).
- Twohig-Bennett C., Jones A. The health benefits of the great outdoors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environ. Res., 2018, vol. 166, pp. 628–637. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.030
- Markevych I., Schoierer J., Hartig T., Chudnovsky A., Hystad P., Dzhambov A.M., de Vries S., Triguero-Mas M. [et al.]. Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. Environ. Res., 2017, vol. 158, pp. 301–317. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.028
- Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; a review of the current evidence. Environ. Int., 2020, vol. 140, pp. 105661. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105661
- Dzhambov A.M., Hartig T., Tilov B., Atanasova V., Makakova D.R., Dimitrova D.D. Residential greenspace is associated with mental health via intertwined capacity-building and capacity-restoring pathways. Environ Res., 2019, vol. 178, pp. 108708. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108708
- Dzhambov A.M., Browning M.H.E.M., Markevych I., Hartig T., Lercher P. Analytical approaches to testing pathways linking greenspace to health: A scoping review of the empirical literature. Environ. Res., 2020, vol. 186, pp. 109613. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109613
- Kondo С.М., Mueller N., Locke D.H., Roman L.A., Rojas-Rueda D., Schinasi L.H., Gascon M., Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Health impact assessment of Philadelphia’s 2025 tree canopy cover goals. Lancet Planet Health, 2020, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. e149–e157. DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30058-9
- Van den Bosch M., Ode Sang Å. Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health – A systematic review of reviews. Environ. Res., 2017, vol. 158, pp. 373–384. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.040
- Gianfredi V., Buffoli M., Rebecchi A., Croci R., Oradini-Alacreu A., Stirparo G., Marino A., Odone A. [et al.]. Association between Urban Greenspace and Health: A Systematic Review of Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2021, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 5137. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105137
- D'yachkova O.N. Principles of strategic planning for the development of “green” infrastructure of the urban environ-ment. Vestnik MGSU, 2021, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1045–1064. DOI: 10.2227/1997-0935.0935.2021.8.1045-1064 (in Russian).
- Klimanova O.A., Kolbowsky E.Yu., Illarionova O.A. The ecological framework of Russian major cities: spatial structure, territorial planning and main problems of development. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta. Nauki o Zemle, 2018, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 127–146. DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu07.2018.201
- Tsai W.-L., Davis A.J.S., Jackson L.E. Associations between types of greenery along neighborhood roads and weight status in different climates. Urban For. Urban Green., 2019, vol. 41, pp. 104–117. DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2019.03.011
- Review of indicator frameworks supporting urban planning for resilience and health: third report on protecting environment and health by building urban resilience. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2022, 61 p.
- Veber A.A., Kucherov A.S., Lylov A.S. Greening of cities in conditions of dense building. Mir innovatsii, 2020, no. 4, pp. 8–18 (in Russian).
- WHO European Healthy Cities Network. WHO, 2019. Available at: https://www.who.int/europe/groups/who-european-healthy-cities-network (January 21, 2023).
- Gascon N., Triquero-Mas M., Martines D., Dadvand P., Forns J., Plasencia A., Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Mental health benefits of long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces: a systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2015, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 4354–4379. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120404354
- Tran I., Sabol O., Mote J. The Relationship Between Greenspace Exposure and Psychopathology Symptoms: A Systematic Review. Biol. Psychiatry Glob. Open Sci., 2022, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 206–222. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.01.004
- Vanaken G.-J., Danckaerts M. Impact of Green Space Exposure on Children’s and Adolescent’s Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Public Health, 2018, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 2668. DOI: 10/339/ijerph15122668
- Andrusaityte S., Grazuleviciene R., Dedele A., Balseviciene B. The effect of residential greenness and city park visiting habits on preschool children’s mental and general health in Lithuania: a cross-sectional study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 2020, vol. 223, no. 1, pp. 142–150. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.09.009
- Chakhnashvili M.L., Ivanov D.V. Impact of digitalization on the health of children and adolescents. Vestnik novykh meditsinskikh tekhnologii. Elektronnoe izdanie, 2022, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 56–66. DOI: 10.24412/2075-4094-2022-3-2-2
- Maas J., van Dillen S.M.E., Verheij R.A., Groenewegen P.P. Social contacts as a possible mechanism behind the rela-tion between green space and health. Health Place, 2009, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 586–595. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.09.006
- Balseviciene B., Sinkariova L., Grazuleviciene R., Andrusaityte S., Uzdanaviciute I., Dedele A., Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Impact of residential greenness on preschool children’s emotional and behavioral problems. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2014, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 6757–6770. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110706757
- Wood L., Hooper P., Foster S., Bull F. Public green spaces and positive mental health – investigating the relationship between access, quantity and types of parks and mental wellbeing. Health Place, 2017, vol. 48, pp. 63–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.09.002
- Min K.-B., Kim H.-J., Kim H.-J., Min J.-Y. Parks and green areas and the risk for depression and suicidal indicators. Int. J. Public Health, 2017, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 647–656. DOI: 10.1007/s00038-017-0958-5
- Yigitcanlar T., Kamruzzaman M., Teimouri R., Degirmenci K., Alanjagh F.A. Association between park visits and mental health in a developing country context: the case of Tabriz, Iran. Landsc. Urban Plan., 2020, vol. 199, no. 513, pp. 103805. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103805
- Grilli G., Mohan G., Curtis J. Public park attributes, park visits, and associated health status. Landsc. Urban Plan., 2020, vol. 199, no. 2, pp. 103814. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103814
- Ellaway A., Macintyre S., Bonnefoy X. Graffiti, greenery, and obesity in adults: secondary analysis of European cross sectional survey. BMJ, 2005, vol. 331, no. 7517, pp. 611–612. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38575.664549.F7
- De Vries S., van Dillen S.M.E., Groenewegen P.P., Spreeuwenberg P. Streetscape greenery and health: Stress, social cohesion and physical activity as mediators. Soc. Sci. Med., 2013, vol. 94, pp. 26–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.030
- Astell-Burt T., Mitchell R., Hartig T. The association between green space and mental health varies across the lifecourse. A longitudinal study. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 2014, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 578–583. DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-203767
- Branas C.C., South E., Kondo M.C., Hohl B.C., Bourgois P., Wiebe D.J., MacDonald J.M. Citywide cluster ran-domized trial to restore blighted vacant land and its effects on violence, crime, and fear. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2018, vol. 115, no. 12, pp. 2946–2951. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718503115
- Engemann K., Pedersen C.B., Arge L., Tsirogiannis C., Mortensen P.B., Svenning J.-C. Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2019, vol. 116, no. 11, pp. 5188–5193. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807504116
- Peen J., Schoevers R.A., Beekman A.T., Dekker J. The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders. Akta Psichiatr. Scand., 2010, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 84–93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x
- Bojorquez I., Ojeda-Revah L. Urban public parks and mental health in adult women: mediating and moderating factors. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry, 2018, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 637–646. DOI: 10.1177/0020764018795198
- Qiao Y., Chen Z., Chen Y., Zheng T. Deciphering the link between mental health and green space in Shenzhen, China: the mediating impact of residents satisfaction. Front. Public Health, 2021, vol. 9, pp. 561809. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh2021.561809
- Besser L. Outdoor green space exposure and brain health measures related to Alzheimer’s diseases: a rapid review. BMJ Open, 2021, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. e043456. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043456
- Kimpton A., Corcoran J., Wickes R. Greenspace and crime: an analysis of greenspace types, neighboring composition, and the temporal dimensions of crime. J. Res. Crime Delinquency, 2017, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 303–337. DOI: 10.1177/0022427816666309
- Wolcha J., Byrne J.A., Newell J.P. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landsc. Urban Plan., 2014, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 234–244. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
- Astel-Burt T., Hartig T., Putra I.G.N.E., Walsan R., Dendup T., Feng X. Green space and loneliness: A systematic review theoretical and methodological guidance for future research. Sci. Total Environ., 2022, vol. 847, pp. 157521. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157521
- Kozyreva P.M., Smirnov A.I. Loneliness: age features. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 2020, no. 9, pp. 56–69. DOI: 10.31857/S013216250009617-1 (in Russian).
- Drapkina O.M., Kontsevaya A.V., Kalinina A.M., Avdeev S.M., Agaltsov M.V., Alexandrova L.M., Antsiferova A.A., Aronov D.M. [et al.]. 2022 Prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases in the Russian Federation. National guidelines. Kar-diovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika, 2022, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 5–232. DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2022-3235 (in Russian).
- Obesity and overweight. WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight (February 19, 2023).
- Finkelstein E.A., Trogdon J.G., Cohen J.W., Dietz W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer- and service-specific estimates. Health Aff. (Millwood), 2009, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. w822–w831. DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.5.w822
- Alferova V.I., Mustafina S.V. The prevalence of obesity in the adult population of the Russian Federation (literature review). Ozhirenie i metabolizm, 2022, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 96–105. DOI: 10.14341/omet12809 (in Russian).
- Shalnova S.A., Deev A.D., Balanova Yu.A., Kapustina A.V., Imaeva A.E., Muromtseva G.A., Kiseleva N.V., Boytsov S.A. Twenty years trends of obesity and arterial hypertension and their association in Russia. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika, 2017, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 4–10. DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2017-4-4-10 (in Russian).
- Vilkov V.G., Shalnova S.A. Thirty-year trends in the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in the populations of the Russian Federation and the United States of America. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika, 2022, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 3304. DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2022-3304 (in Russian).
- Spotlight on adolescent health and well-being. Findings from the 2017/2018 Health Behaviour in Schoolaged Children (HBSC) survey in Europe and Canada. International report. Volume 2. Key data. In: J. Inchley, D. Currie, S. Bidisavlijevic, T. Torsheim, A. Jastad, A. Cosma, C. Kelly, Á. Már Arnarsson, O. Samdal eds. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2020, 72 p.
- Mackenbach J.D., Rutter H., Compernolle S., Glonti K., Oppert J.-M., Charreire H., De Bourdeaudhuij I., Brug J. [et al.]. Obesogenic environments: a systematic review of the association between the physical environment and adult weight status, the SPOTLIGHT project. BMC Public Health, 2014, vol. 14, pp. 233. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-233
- Chen K., Zhang T., Liu F., Zhang Y., Song Y. How Does Urban Green Space Impact Residents’ Mental Health: A Literature Review of Mediators. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2021, vol. 18, no. 22, pp. 11746. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211746
- Lovasi G.S., Schwartz-Soicher O., Quinn J.W., Berger D.K., Neckerman K.M., Jaslow R., Lee K.K., Rundle A. Neighborhood safety and green space as predictors of obesity among preschool children from low-income families in New York City. Prev. Med., 2013, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 189–193. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.05.012
- Dadvand P., Villanueva C.M., Font-Ribera L., Martinez D., Basagaña X., Belmonte J., Vrijheid M., Gražulevičienė R. [et al.]. Risks and benefits of green spaces for children: a cross-sectional study of associations with sedentary behavior, obesity, asthma, and allergy. Environ. Health Perspect., 2014, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 1329–1335. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1308038
- Klompmaker J.O., Hoek G., Bloemsma L.D., Gehring U., Strak M., Wijga A.H., van den Brink C., Brunekreef B. [et al.]. Green space definition affects associations of green space with overweight and physical activity. Environ. Res., 2018, vol. 160, pp. 531–540. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.027
- Villeneuve P.J., Jerrett M., Su J.G., Weichenthal S., Sandler D.P. Association of residential greenness with obesity and physical activity in a US cohort of women. Environ. Res., 2018, vol. 160, pp. 372–384. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.005
- Peng J., Cao X., Yang H., Dai S., He P., Huang G., Wu T., Wang Y. Green space access in the neighbourhood and childhood obesity. Obes. Rev., 2021, vol. 22, suppl. 1, pp. e13100. DOI: 10.1111/obr.13100
- James P., Banay R.F., Hart J.E., Laden F. A Review of the Health Benefits of Greenness. Curr. Epidemiol. Rep., 2015, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 131–142. DOI: 10.1007/s40471-015-0043-7
- Luo Y.-N., Huang W.-Z., Lim X.-X., Markevych I., Bloom M.S., Zhao T., Heinrich J., Yang B.-Y., Dong G.-H. Green place with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies up to 2020. Obes. Rev., 2020, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. e13078. DOI: 10.1111/obr.13078
- Doubleday A., Knott C.J., Hazlehurst M.F., Bertoni A.G., Kaufman J.D., Hajat A. Neighborhood greenspace and risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort: the Multi-Ethncity Study of Atherosclerosis. Environ. Health, 2022, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 18. DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00824-w
- Wilker E.H., Wu C.-D., McNeely E., Mostofsky E., Spengler J., Wellenius G.A., Mittleman M.A. Green space and mortality following ischemic stroke. Environ. Res., 2014, vol. 133, pp. 42–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.005
- Astell-Burt T., Feng X. Time for ‘green’ during COVID-19? Inequities in green and blue space access, visitation and felt benefits. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2021, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 2757. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052757
- Rojas-Rueda D., Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Gascon M., Perez-Leon D., Mudu P. Green spaces and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet Planet. Health, 2019, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. e469–e477. DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30215-3
- Wang H., Tassinary L.G. Effects of greenspace morphology on mortality at the neighbourhood level: A cross-sectional ecological study. Lancet Planet. Health, 2019, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. e460–e468. DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30217-7
- Jenerette G.D., Harlan S.L., Buyantuev A., Stefanov W.L., Declet-Barreto J., Ruddell B.L., Myint S.W., Kaplan S., Li X. Micro-scale urban surface temperatures are related to land-cover features and residential heat related health impacts in Phoenix, AZ USA. Landsc. Ecol., 2016, vol. 31, pp. 745–760.
- Locke D.H., Romolini M., Galvin M.F., O’Neil-Dunne J., Strauss E. Tree canopy change in coastal Los Angeles 2009–2014. Cities Environ., 2017, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 3.
- Vital statistics report. Philadelphia: 2015. City of Philadelphia Department of Public Health, 2018. Available at: https://www.phila.gov/media/20181105161054/2015_Vital_Statistics_Report.pdf (December 10, 2022).
- Revich B.A. Zagryaznenie atmosfernogo vozdukha i rasprostranennost' bronkhial'noi astmy sredi detskogo naseleniya Moskvy [Ambient air pollution and prevalence of bronchial asthma among children in Moscow]. Meditsina truda i promyshlen-naya ekologiya, 1995, no. 5, pp. 15–19 (in Russian).
- Pereira Barboza E., Cirach M., Khomenko S., Iungman T., Mueller N., Barrera-Gomez J., Rojas-Rueda D., Kondo M.V., Neiuwenhuijsen M. Green space and mortality in European cities: a health impact assessment study. Lancet Planet. Health, 2021, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. e718–e730. DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196 (21)00229-1
- Nguyen P.-Y., Astell-Burt T., Rahimi-Ardabili H., Feng X. Green Space Quality and Health: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2021, vol. 18, no. 21, pp. 11028. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111028
- Dennis M., Cook P.A., James P., Wheater C.P., Lindley S.J. Relationships between health outcomes in older popu-lations and urban green infrastructure size, quality and proximity. BMC Public Health, 2020, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 626. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08762-x
- Donovan G.H., Gatziolis D., Longley I., Douwes J. Vegetation diversity protects against childhood asthma: Results from a large New Zealand birth cohort. Nat. Plants, 2018, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 358–364. DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0151-8
- Astell-Burt T., Feng X. Urban green space, tree canopy and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases: A multilevel longitudinal study of 46 786 Australians. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2020, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 926–933. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz239
- Leng H., Li S., Yan S., An X. Exploring the Relationship between green space in a neighbourhood and cardiovascular health in the winter City of China: A study using a health survey for Harbin. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2020, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 513. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020513
- Camargo D.M., Ramírez P.C., Fermino R.C. Individual and environmental correlates to quality of life in park users in Colombia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2017, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1250. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101250
- Zhang C.J.P., Barnett A., Johnston J.M., Lai P.-C., Lee R.S.Y., Sit C.H.P., Cerin E. Objectively-Measured Neigh-bourhood Attributes as Correlates and Moderators of Quality of Life in Older Adults with Different Living Arrangements: The ALECS Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2019, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 876. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050876
- McEachan R.R.C., Yang T.C., Roberts H., Pickett K.E., Arseneau-Powell D., Gidlow C.J., Wright J., Nieuwenhuijsen M. Availability, use of, and satisfaction with green space, and children’s mental wellbeing at age 4 years in a multicultural, deprived, urban area: Results from the Born in Bradford cohort study. Lancet Planet. Health, 2018, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. e244–e254. DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30119-0
- Rundle A., Quinn J., Lovasi G., Bader M.D.M., Yousefzadeh P., Weiss C., Neckerman K. Associations between body mass index and park proximity, size, cleanliness, and recreational facilities. Am. J. Health Promot., 2013, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 262–269. DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.110809-QUAN-304
- Pope D., Tisdall R., Middleton J., Verma A., van Ameijden E., Birt C., Macherianakis A., Bruce N.G. Quality of and access to green space in relation to psychological distress: Results from a population-based cross-sectional study as part of the EURO-URHIS 2 project. Eur. J. Public Health, 2018, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 35–38. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv094
- Zhang T., Liu J., Li H. Restorative effects of multi-sensory perception in urban green space: A case study of urban park in Guangzhou, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2019, vol. 16, no. 24, pp. 4943. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244943
- Burnett H., Olsen J.R., Nicholls N., Mitchell R. Change in time spent visiting and experiences of green space following restrictions on movement during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationally representative cross-sectional study of UK adults. BMJ Open, 2021, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. e044067. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044067
- Astell-Burt T., Navakatikyan M.A., Walsan R., Davis W., Figtree G., Arnolda L., Feng X. Green space and cardiovas-cular health in people with type 2 diabetes. Health Place, 2021, vol. 69, pp. 102554. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102554
- Revich B.A., Shaposhnikov D.A. The COVID-19 pandemic: new knowledge on the impact of air quality on the spread of coronavirus infection in cities. Studies on Russian Economic Development, 2021, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 357–363. DOI: 10.1134/S1075700721040134
- Nizamutdinov T.I., Kolesnikova E.V., Alexeev D.K. Green spaces as a factor in reducing level of the risk to public health. Sovremennye problemy gidrometeorologii i monitoringa okruzhayushchei sredy na prostranstve SNG: sbornik tezisov Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii, posvyashchennoi 90-letiyu Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo gidrometeo-rologicheskogo universiteta, 2020, pp. 767–769 (in Russian).
- Morozova S.V. The role of recreational space and stress factors of urban environment (on the example of megapolis and small cities). Arkhitektura, gradostroitel'stvo i dizain, 2022, no. 2 (32), pp. 13–23 (in Russian).
- Bobylev S.N. Zavaleev I.S., Zavaleeva A.I., Khovavko I.Yu. Development of "green" infrastructure in cities (economic analysis of a project in Kazan). Nauchnye issledovaniya ekonomicheskogo fakul'teta. Elektronnyi zhurnal, 2022, vol. 14, no. 3 (45), pp. 48–61. DOI: 10.38050/2078-3809-2022-14-3-48-61 (in Russian).
- Bobylev S.N., Porfiriev B.N. Sustainable development of largest cities and megalopolises: a factor of ecosystem services. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 6: Ekonomika, 2016, no. 6, pp. 3–21. DOI: 10.38050/01300105201661 (in Russian).
- Zavaleeva A.I., Zavaleev I.S. Economic impact assessment of green infrastructure on attractiveness of territories. Ekonomika ustoichivogo razvitiya, 2020, no. 3 (51), pp. 31–36. DOI: 10.37124/20799136_2022_3_51_31 (in Russian).
- Vitiuk E.Yu. A program of enhancing the health improvement potential of landscaped city spaces. Arkhitekton: izvestiya vuzov, 2022, no. 2 (78). DOI: 10.47055/1990-4126-2022-2(78)-20 (in Russian).