Chronic kidney disease: prevalence and risk factors (literature review)

View or download the full article: 
PDF icon health-risk-analysis-2020-2-18.pdf
UDC: 
616.61-008.64
DOI: 
10.21668/health.risk/2020.2.18.eng
Authors: 

A.M. Aringazina1, O.Zh. Narmanova2, G.O. Nuskabaeva3, Zh.A. Tagaeva3, E.S. Mendybaev4

Organization: 

1Kazakhstan’s medical university «Kazakhstan School of Public Health», 19 A Utepov Str., Almaty, 050060, The Republic of Kazakhstan
2Astana medical university, 49A Beibitshilik Str., Nur-Sultan, 010000, The Republic of Kazakhstan
3Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, 29 B Sattarkhanova Ave., Turkestan, 161200, The Republic of Kazakhstan
4Kazakh medical university of continuing education, 34 Manasa Str., Almaty, 050057, The Republic of Kazakhstan

Abstract: 

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex of syndromes that occurs as an outcome of various kidney diseases or as a complication caused by diseases of other organs; it often exerts maximum influence on prognosis for a primary disease. It seems an urgent task to improve early CKD diagnostics and reveal risk factors that can cause unfavorable clinical course and development of the pathology. Finding solution to this task will allow reducing terms and improving organization of specialized medical aid provided for patients. The issue related to detection of health risk factors is especially pressing in countries with low and middle incomes. National and international efforts aimed at preventing, detecting, and treating chronic kidney diseases are necessary for decreasing worldwide mortality and morbidity.
The article presents a review of literature data accumulated in PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar databases on epidemiologic issues concerning chronic kidney diseases. We managed to find more than 150 materials; more than 40 articles out of them were analyzed and they turned out to dwell on different aspects of the issue. Special attention is paid to CKD prevalence among population depending on a country, ethnic group, age, and sex as well as to examining risk factors occurring in a specific region or a country.
Literature analysis allowed concluding that CKD prevalence has grown substantially over the last 10 years. Among risk factors there are medical parameters (prevalence of chronic cardiovascular diseases and endocrine system diseases) and social and demographic conditions. It is shown that CKD tends to occur more frequently among people from black race than those from other races. But black people have higher survivability after dialysis than their white counterparts from the same age groups. Awareness about CKD risk factors among population and doctors providing primary medical assistance predetermines efficiency of early diagnostic and further treatment of the disease in low income countries

Keywords: 
chronic kidney disease, glomerular filtration rate, terminal kidney failure, prevalence, risk factors, epidemiology
Aringazina A.M., Narmanova O.Zh., Nuskabaeva G.O., Tagaeva Zh.A., Mendybaev E.S. Chronic kidney disease: prevalence and risk factors (literature review). Health Risk Analysis, 2020, no. 2, pp. 164–174. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2020.2.18.eng
References: 
  1. GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 2017, vol. 390, no. 10100, pp. 1151–1210. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9
  2. Jack K.C. Ng., Li P.K.-T. Chronic kidney disease epidemic: How do we deal with it? Nephrology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 116–120. DOI: 10.1111/nep.13464
  3. Hill N.R., Fatoba S.T., Oke J.L., Hirst J.A., O’Callaghan C.A., Lasserson D.S., Richard Hobbs F.D. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease – A systematic review and Meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2016, vol. 6, no. 11 (7), pp. e0158765. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158765
  4. Gansevoort R.T., Correa-Rotter R., Hemmelgarn B.R., Jafar T.H., Heerspink H.J., Mann J.F., Matsushita K., Wen C.P. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. Lancet, 2013, vol. 382, no. 9889, pp. 339–352. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60595-4
  5. Go A.S., Chertow G.M., Fan D., McCulloch C.E., Hsu C.Y. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. The New Engl J Med, 2004, vol. 351, no. 13, pp. 1296–1305. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa041031
  6. Etgen T., Chonchol M., Forstl H., Sander D. Chronic Kidney Disease and Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American journal of nephrology, 2012, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 474–482. DOI: 10.1159/000338135
  7. Perlman R.L., Finkelstein F.O., Liu L., Roys E., Kiser M., Eisele G., Burrows-Hudson S., Messana J.M. [et al.]. Quality of life in chronic kidney disease (CKD): a cross-sectional analysis in the Renal Research Institute-CKD study. Am J Kidney Dis, 2005, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 658–666. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.12.021
  8. Chin H.J., Song Y.R., Lee J.J., Lee S.B., Kim K.W., Na K.Y., Kim S., Chae D.-W. Moderately decreased renal function negatively affects the health-related quality of life among the elderly Korean population: a population-based study. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2008, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 2810–2817. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn132
  9. Global, Regional, and National Age-Sex-Specific Mortality for 282 Causes of Death in 195 Countries and Territories, 1980–2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 2018, vol. 392, no. 10159, pp. 1736–1788. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7
  10. Plantinga L.C., Johansen K., Crews D.C., Shahinian V.B., Robinson B.M., Saran R., Burrows N.R., Williams D.E. [et al.]. Association of CKD with disability in the United States. Am. J. Kidney Dis, 2011, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 212–227. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.08.016
  11. GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 2017, vol. 392, no. 10159, pp. 1859–1922. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32335-3
  12. Eriksson J.K., Neovius M., Jacobson S.H., Elinder C.G., Hylander B. Healthcare costs in chronic kidney disease and renal replacement therapy: A population-based cohort study in Sweden. BMJ Open, 2016, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. e012062. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012062
  13. Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification 2002. KDOQI. New-York, National Kidney Foundation Publ., 2002, 356 p.
  14. CG73 Chronic kidney disease: full guideline 2008. The published full clinical guideline on Chronic kidney disease including recommendations and methods used. NICE NIfCE. Available at: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG73/Guidance/pdf/English (06.09.2019).
  15. De Lusignan S., Tomson C., Harris K., Van Vlymen J., Gallagher H. UK Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease for the Adult Population Is 6.76% Based on Two Creatinine Readings. Nephron Clinical practice, 2012, vol. 120, pp. 107. DOI: 10.1159/000337124
  16. Coresh J., Selvin E., Stevens L.A., Manzi J., Kusek J.W., Eggers P., Van Lente F., Levey A.S. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA, 2007, vol. 298, no. 17, pp. 2038–2047. DOI: 10.1001/jama.298.17.2038
  17. Coresh J., Byrd-Holt D., Astor B.C., Briggs J.P., Eggers P.W., Lacher D.A., Hostetter T.H. Chronic kidney disease awareness, prevalence, and trends among U.S. adults, 1999 to 2000. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2005, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 180–188. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2004070539
  18. Coresh J., Astor B.C., Greene T., Eknoyan G., Levey A.S. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 2003, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 1–12. DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2003.50007
  19. Aitken G.R., Roderick P.J., Fraser S., Mindell J.S., O'Donoghue D., Day J., Moon G. Change in prevalence of chronic kidney disease in England over time: comparison of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys from 2003 to 2010. BMJ open, 2014, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. e005480. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005480
  20. Saran R., Robinson B., Abbott K.C., Agodoa L.Y.C., Albertus P., Ayanian J., Balkrishnan R., Bragg-Gresham J. [et al.]. US Renal Data System 2016 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am. J. Kidney Dis, 2017, vol. 69, no. 3(1), pp. A7–A8. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.12.004
  21. Gilg J., Methven S., Casula A., Castledine C. UK renal registry 19th annual report: Chapter 1 UK RRT adult incidence in 2015: National and Centre-specific analyses. Nephron, 2017, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 11–44. DOI: 10.1159/000481363
  22. Liu Z.H. Nephrology in China. Nat. Rev. Nephrol, 2013, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 523–538. DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2013.146
  23. Mills K.T., Xu Y., Zhang W., Bundy J.D., Chen C.-S., Kelly T.N., Chen J., He J. A systematic analysis of world-wide population-based data on the global burden of chronic kidney disease in 2010. Kidney Int, 2015, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 950–957. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.230
  24. Bowe B., Xie Y., Li T., Mokdad A.H. Changes in the US burden of chronic kidney disease from 2002 to 2016: an analysis of the global burden of disease study. JAMA Netw Open, 2018, vol. 2, no. 1 (7), pp. e184412. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4412
  25. Imtiaz S., Salman B., Qureshi R., Drohlia M.F., Ahmad A. A review of the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in Pakistan: A global and regional perspective. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2018, vol. 29, no.6, pp. 1441–1451. DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.248307
  26. Gerasimova O.Yu., Semchenko L.N., Remenets S.S. Epidemiologiya khronicheskikh boleznei pochek i organizatsiya meditsinskoi pomoshchi bol'nym pri khronicheskoi pochechnoi nedostatochnosti (obzor literatury) [Epidemiology of chronic kidney diseases and organization of medical aid provided for patients with chronic kidney failure (literature review)]. Yuzhno-ural'skii meditsinskii zhurnal, 2016, no.4, pp. 4–9 (in Russian).
  27. Bikbov B.T., Tomilina N.A. Zamestitel'naya terapiya terminal'noi khronicheskoi pochechnoi nedostatochnosti v Rossiiskoi Federatsii v 1998-2013 gg. Otchet po dannym Rossiiskogo registra zamestitel'noi pochechnoi terapii. Chast' pervaya [Substitute therapy for treating terminal kidney failure in the Russian Federation in 1998–2013. A report issued basing on data provided by the Russian register of substitute kidney therapy. Part I.]. Nefrologiya i dializ, 2015, no. 3, 111 p. (in Russian).
  28. Apolikhin O.I., Kakorina E.P., Sivkov A.V. Official statistics on urological morbidity in the Russian Federation. Urologiya, 2008, no. 3, pp. 3–9 (in Russian).
  29. Jessani S., Bux R., Jafar T.H. Prevalence, determinants, and management of chronic kidney disease in Karachi, Pakistan – a community based cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol, 2014, vol. 13, no. 15, pp. 90. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-15-90
  30. Kalantar-Zadeh K., Golan E., Shohat T., Streja E., Norris K.C., Kopple J.D. Survival disparities within American and Israeli dialysis populations: learning from similarities and distinctions across race and ethnicity. Semin Dial, 2010, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 586–594. DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00795.x
  31. Newsome B.B., Kilpatrick R.D., Liu J., Zaun D., Solid C.A., Nieman K., St Peter W.L. Racial differences in clinical use of cinacalcet in a large population of hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol, 2013, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 104–114. DOI: 10.1159/000353298
  32. Koh H.K., Piotrowski J.J., Kumanyika S., Fielding J.E. Healthy People a 2020 vision for the social determinants approach. Health Education & Behavior, 2011, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 551–557. DOI: 10.1177/1090198111428646
  33. Laster M., Shen J.I., Norris K.C. Kidney disease Among African Americans: A population perspective. Am J Kidney Dis, 2018, vol. 72, no. 5 (1), pp. S3–S7. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.06.021
  34. Saran R., Robinson B., Abbott K.C., Agodoa L.Y.C., Bhave N., Bragg-Gresham J., Balkrishnan R., Dietrich X. [et al.]. US Renal Data System 2017 Annual Data Report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis, 2018, vol. 71, no. 3 (1), pp. S1–S672. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.01.002
  35. Gao S.W., Oliver D.K., Das N., Hurst F.P., Lentine K.L., Agodoa L.Y., Sawyers E.S., Abbott K.C. Assesment of Racial Disparities in chronic kidney disease stage 3 and 4 care in the department of defense health system. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2008, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 442–449. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.03940907
  36. Mathur R., Dreyer G., Yaqoob M.M., Hull S.A. Ethnic differences in the progression of chronic kidney disease and risk of death in a UK diabetic population: an observational cohort study. BMJ Open, 2018, vol. 27, no. 8 (3), pp. e020145. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020145
  37. Taylor D.M., Fraser S., Dudley C., Oniscu G.C., Tomson C., Ravanan R., Roderick P. Health literacy and patient outcomes in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2018, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1545–1558. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx293
  38. Fraser S.D.S., Roderick P.J., Casey M., Taal M.W., Yuen H.M., Nutbeam D. Prevalence and associations of limited health literacy in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2013, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 129–137. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs371
  39. Koople J.D. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis, 2001, vol. 37, no. 1 (2), pp. S66–S70. DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.20748
  40. Verhave J.C., Troyanov S., Mongeau F., Fradette L., Bouchard J., Awadalla P., Madore F. Prevalence, awareness, and management of CKD and cardiovascular risk factors in publicly funded health care. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, 2014, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 713–719. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.06550613
  41. Ene-Iordache B., Perico N., Bikbov B., Carminati S., Remuzzi A., Perna A., Islam N., Flores Bravo R. [et al.]. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk in six regions of the world (ISN‐KDDC): A cross‐sectional study. Lancet Glob. Health, 2016, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. e307–e319. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)00071-1
  42. Chow K.M., Szeto C.C., Kwan B., Leung C.B., Li P.K. Public lacks knowledge on chronic kidney disease: Telephone survey. Hong Kong Med. J, 2014, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 139–144. DOI: 10.12809/hkmj134134
  43. Jafar T.H., Ramakrishnan C., John O., Tewari A., Cobb B., Legido-Quigley H., Sungwon Y., Jha V. Access to CKD Care in Rural Communities of India: a qualitative study exploring the barriers and potential facilitators. BMC Nephrol, 2020, no. 21, pp. 26. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-1702-6
  44. Choukem S.-P., Nchifor P.K., Halle M.-P., Nebongo D.N., Mboue-Djieka Y., Kaze F.F., Monekosso G.L. Knowledge of physicians on chronic kidney disease and their attitudes towards referral, in two cities of Cameroon: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes, 2016, no. 9, pp. 29.DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1845-5
  45. Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet, 2015, vol. 386, no. 9995, pp. 743–800. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4
Received: 
23.10.2019
Accepted: 
13.06.2020
Published: 
28.06.2020

You are here

Home