Principles of cartographic differentiation and epidemiologic zoning of ntural plague foci applied to assess and minimize population health risks
A.A. Kuznetsov1, A.N. Matrosov1, A.M. Porshakov1, A.A. Sludsky1, A.A. Kovalevskaya2, V.P. Toporkov1
1«Microbe» Russian Scientific Research Anti-Plague Institute, 46 Universitetskaya Str., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation
2Astrakhan Plague Control Station, 3 Kubanskaya St., Astrakhan, 414057, Russian Federation
Our research objects were rules for cartographic differentiation and epidemiologic zoning of natural plague foci that are applied in epidemiologic surveillance performed by plague control authorities in the country.
Our research goal was to unify differentiation rules as it will help to more rationally organize epidemiologic surveillance in natural foci of dangerous infections on a large territory (a region, some regions, the country as a whole).
We suggest to apply a conventional topographic mapping and to take a list of a map scaled 1:25 000 ("a sector") as a minimum formalized unit for spatial analysis. We recommend to perform epidemiologic zoning as per potential epidemiologic hazards that are characteristic for specific sectors. To determine these hazards, we should take into account prevalence and number of potential infection sources in this or that sector. We should also assess a character or a possible course of epizootic processes in populations of infection carriers and (or) carriers of infectious agents, frequency of epizooties detection, density of population who live in this or that area permanently or stay there temporarily, as well as data on morbidity registered there over the last 25 years.
Morbidity, epizootic activity, and precise localization of contagion points are significant arguments for ranking such zones as the most epidemiologically hazardous. A risk of catching plague by people has become higher in natural plague foci on the RF territory due to, for example, an increase in quantity of marmots and gophers that are caught and consumed by local population. In 2014–2016 there were some single cases of people catching bubonic plague in Gorno-Altaysk highland focus; it substantiated assigning of contagion areas into the most epidemiologically hazardous category. The same situation is observed in plague foci in Tyva Republic and Kalmykia Republic.
Detailed epidemiologic zoning of natural plague foci based on cartographic differentiation is applied to perform well-grounded planning and carrying out examinations and prevention activities in each focus in order to minimize population health risks.
- Lapshov V.A., Bokshtein F.M., Inapogi A.P. Melkie mlekopitayushchie selenii Gvinei [Small mammals of Guinean villages]. Byulleten' Moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody. Otdel biologicheskii, 1992, no. 1, pp. 33–43 (in Russian).
- Malekani V., Paulus J. Quelques aspects d la cjnsommation du cricetome, Cricetomys (Rongeur) par des populations zairoises. Tropiculture, 1989, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 141–144.
- Whitaker R., Murafi M. Rodent control by Irura tribals. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc., 1988, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 263–270.
- Kokushkin A.M., Naumov A.V., A Kologorov.I., Marysaev V.B. Epidemicheskaya aktivnost' prirodnykh ochagov chumy v Rossii i drugikh stranakh sodruzhestva nezavisimykh gosudarstv za 120 let [Epidemic activity of natural plague foci in Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States for 120 years]. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii, 1994, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 3–28 (in Russian).
- Balakhonov S.V., Korzun V.M., Kosilko S.A., Mikhailov E.P., Shchuchinov L.V., Mishchenko A.I., Zarubin I.V., Rozhdestvenskii E.N., Denisov A.V. Actual Aspects of Epidemiological Well-Being Support Anti-PLAgue for Population in Altai Republic. Epidemiologiya i vaktsinoprofilaktika, 2016, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 42–48 (in Russian).
- Barnes S., Peck A. Mapping the future of health care: GIS applications in Health care analysis. Geographic Information systems, 1994, no. 4, pp. 31–33.
- Blackburn J.K., McNyset K.M., Curtis A., Hugh-Jones M.E. Modeling the Geographic Distribution of Bacillus an-thracis, the Causative Agent of Anthrax Disease, for the Contiguous United States using Predictive Ecologic Niche Modeling. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2007, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 1103–1110.
- Clarke K.C., Osleeb J.R., Sherry J.M., Meert J.P., Larsson R.W. The use of remote sensing and geographic information systems in UNICEF’s dracunculiasis (Guinea worm) eradication effort. Prew Vet. Med., 1991, no. 11, pp. 229–235.
- Cliff A.D., Haggett P., Smallman-Raynor M. World Atlas of Epidemic Diseases. London, 2004, 212 p.
- Dangendorf F., Herbst S., Reintjes R., Kistemann T. Spatial patterns of diarrhoeal illnesses with regard to water supply structures – a GIS analysis. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2002, vol. 205, no. 3, pp. 183–191.
- Glass G.E., Schwartz B.S., Morgan J.M., Johnson D.T., Noy P.V., Israel E. Environmental Risk-Factors for Lyme-Disease Identified with Geographic Information-Systems. American Journal of Public Health, 1995, no. 85, pp. 944–948.
- Tempalski B.J. The case of Guinea worm: GIS as a tool for the analysis of disease control policy. Geographic Infor-mation Systems, 1994, no. 4, pp. 8–32.
- Kuznetsov A.A., Kutyrev V.V., Matrosov A.N., Toporkov V.P. Improvement of Monitoring of Natural Plague Foci Based on the Analysis of Ecologic and Epizootiologic Regularities of their Functioning. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii. 2004, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 12–16 (in Russian).
- Kuznetsov A.A., Porshakov A.M., Matrosov A.N., Kuklev E.V., Korotkov V.B., Mezentsev V.M., Popov N.V., To-porkov V.P., Toporkov A.V., Kutyrev V.V. Prospects of GIS-Passportization of Natural Plague Foci in the Territory of the Rus-sian Federation. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii, 2012, vol. 111, no. 1, 48–53 (in Russian).
- Prirodnye ochagi chumy Kavkaza, Prikaspiya, Srednei Azii i Sibiri [Natural foci of the plague of the Caucasus, Caspian, Central Asia and Siberia]. In: G.G. Onishchenko, V.V. Kutyrev eds. Moscow, Meditsina Publ., 2004, 192 p. (in Russian).
- Soldatkin I.S., Rudenchik Yu.V., Popov N.V., Kuklev E.V., Kuznetsov A.A., Matrosov A.N. Pasportizaciya prirodnyh ochagov chumy na territorii stran SNG (kartograficheskie materialy) [Certification of natural plague foci in the territory of the CIS countries (cartographic materials) ]. Saratov, 2000, 65 p. (in Russian).
- Malkhazova S.M. Mediko-geograficheskii analiz territorii: kartografirovanie, otsenka, prognoz [Medical geographical analysis of territories: mapping, assessment, forecast]. Moscow, 2001, 240 p. (in Russian).
- Koch T. Cartographies of Diseases. Maps, Mapping, and Medicine. Redlands, 2005, 388 p.
- Kuklev E.V., Soldatkin I.S., Khot'ko N.I. Epidemicheskii potentsial prirodnykh ochagov chumy i ego otsenka. Epi-demiologiya i profilaktika prirodno-ochagovykh infektsii [Epidemic potential of natural plague foci and its assessment. Epide-miology and prevention of natural focal infections]. Saratov, 1981, pp. 3–8 (in Russian).
- Cadastre of epidemic and epizootic manifestations of the plague in the territory of the Russian Federation and neigh-boring countries (from 1876 to 2016) [Cadastre of epidemic and epizootic manifestations of plague in the territory of the Russian Federation and neighboring countries (from 1876 to 2016) ]. In: V.V. Kutyreva, A.Yu. Popova. Saratov, Amirit LLC Publ., 2016, 248 p. (in Russian).
- Korzun V.M., Balakhonov S.V., Kosilko S.A. Mikhailov E.P., Mishchenko A.I., Denisov A.V., Rozhdestvensky E.N., Chipanin E.V. Bazarova G.H., Yarygina M.B., Abibulaev D.E., Shefer V.V. Gorno-Altai Natural Plague Focus Epizootical and Epidemical Activity in 2012–2016. Epidemiologiya i vaktsinoprofilaktika, 2017, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 36–38. DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2017-16-1-36-38 (in Russian).
fcrisk.ru
