Профессиональные риски инфицирования медицинских работников гемоконтактными инфекциями: Систематический обзор литературы

Файл статьи: 
Иконка PDF health-risk-analysis-2025-1-16.pdf
УДК: 
614.2, 614.3, 614.4
DOI: 
10.21668/health.risk/2025.1.16
Авторы: 

Н.И. Шулакова, А.В. Тутельян, В.Г. Акимкин

Организация: 

Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора, Российская Федерация, 111123, г. Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3a

Аннотация: 

В настоящее время многочисленными работами показано, что медицинские работники (МР) представляют собой особую категорию работников, подверженную заражению различными заболеваниями в результате контакта с патогенами, передающимися через кровь и биологические жидкости организма. При оказании медицинской помощи существует риск передачи МР вирусов иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ), гепатита В (ВГВ), гепатита С (ВГС) и других патогенов во время травм острыми предметами через поврежденную кожу или слизистые.
Данные литературных источников свидетельствуют, что инфицирование МР патогенами может быть обу-словлено влиянием ряда факторов риска (особенности патогена, распространенность его в популяции и среди пациен-тов, степень и продолжительность контакта с возбудителем). Риски инфицирования связаны с профилем подразделения, стажем работы и другими факторами. Согласно опубликованным данным, число травм от уколов иглами и острыми предметами среди МР превалирует над количеством зарегистрированных и составляет 22–82 % в зависимости от стран, правил и методологии, применявшихся для определения уровня травматизма. Исследования, направленные на изучение гемоконтактных рисков, показали, что занижение этих данных оказывает влияние на эффектив-ность и своевременность проводимых профилактических мероприятий. Риск инфицирования гемоконтактными инфекциями может многократно возрастать и при несоблюдении персоналом мер индивидуальной защиты, алгоритмов проведения постконтактной профилактики. Наблюдения за постконтактным поведением МР показали, что 3,3–30 % лиц не проводили постконтактных практик и / или не всегда следовали порядку их проведения.
Оптимизация мероприятий по выявлению и предотвращению рисков заражения гемоконтакными инфекциями работников здравоохранения позволит предупредить развитие профессиональной патологии среди данного контингента.

Ключевые слова: 
медицинские работники, риски инфицирования, факторы риска, гемоконтактные инфекции, гепатит В, гепатит С, профессиональные риски, постконтактная профилактика
Профессиональные риски инфицирования медицинских работников гемоконтактными инфекциями: систематический обзор литературы / Н.И Шулакова, А.В. Тутельян, В.Г. Акимкин // Анализ риска здоровью. – 2025. – № 1. – С. 171–182. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2025.1.16
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Получена: 
07.02.2025
Одобрена: 
28.02.2025
Принята к публикации: 
17.03.2025

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