Аэрополлютанты как факторы риска развития кардиометаболической патологии: аналитический обзор

Файл статьи: 
Иконка PDF health-risk-analysis-2021-4-20.pdf
УДК: 
614.7 - 616.1
DOI: 
10.21668/health.risk/2021.4.20
Авторы: 

А.Е. Носов1, А.С. Байдина1, О.Ю. Устинова1,2

Организация: 

1Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения, Россия, 614045, г. Пермь, ул. Монастырская, 82
2Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, Россия, 614990, г. Пермь, ул. Букирева, 15

Аннотация: 

Влиянием загрязнения окружающего воздуха обусловливается порядка 3,3 млн преждевременных смертей в год (2,1 млн от ишемической болезни сердца и 1,1 млн от инсульта). Смертность, связанная с загрязнением воздуха, превосходит смертность от таких традиционных факторов риска, как курение, ожирение, повышение уровня глюкозы в крови. Относительный риск смертности в наиболее загрязненных городах в сравнении с наименее загрязненными составляет 1,26 (95 % CI 1,08–1,47). Профессиональная экспозиция различными видами химических веществ, загрязняющих воздух, может обусловливать более 1 млн преждевременных смертей в мире, но её вклад в сердечно-сосудистую заболеваемость еще недостаточно определен. Химический состав загрязнителей атмосферного воздуха достаточно разнороден и включает в себя как твердые частицы (particulate matter – PM), так и газообразные вещества. Американская ассоциация сердца и Европейское кардиологическое общество определяют PM2.5 как фактор риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. В аналитическом обзоре представлены данные о влиянии аэрогенных поллютантов на развитие кардиометаболической патологии и смертность населения от сердечно-сосудистых и метаболических заболеваний (артериальная гипертензия, атеросклероз и ишемическая болезнь сердца, нарушения ритма сердца, сахарный диабет 2-го типа). Представлены данные о патогенетических механизмах влияния аэрогенных поллютантов на развитие этой группы заболеваний: генерация провоспалительных и оксидативных медиаторов и выброс их в системный кровоток; развитие дисбаланса автономной нервной системы с преобладанием активности симпатической нервной системы и нарушением вариабельности ритма сердца; непосредственное поступление поллютантов из легочной ткани в системный кровоток с развитием прямого токсического воздействия. Проведен анализ литературных данных о протективных эффектах в отношении сердечно-сосудистой патологии при снижении загрязнения воздушной среды.

Ключевые слова: 
аэрогенные поллютанты, взвешенные в воздухе частицы, стойкие органические поллютанты, сердечно-сосудистая патология
Носов А.Е., Байдина А.С., Устинова О.Ю. Аэрополлютанты как факторы риска развития кардиометаболической патологии: аналитический обзор // Анализ риска здоровью. – 2021. – № 4. – С. 181–194. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2021.4.20
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Получена: 
27.09.2021
Принята: 
12.10.2021
Опубликована: 
30.12.2021

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