Профилактические меры по снижению негативного воздействия электромагнитного излучения на здоровье

Файл статьи: 
Иконка PDF health-risk-analysis-2021-3-4.pdf
УДК: 
614.87
DOI: 
10.21668/health.risk/2021.3.04
Авторы: 

Я. Штэйн1,2

Организация: 

1Факультет медицины, Иерусалимский еврейский университет, Израиль, 9112102, г. Иерусалим, Campus Ein Kerem
2Кафедра анестезиологии, интенсивной терапии и обезболивания, медицинский центр «Хадасса», Израиль, г. Иерусалим, 91120

Аннотация: 

Искусственные электромагнитные волны являются наиболее распространенным и стремительно растущим источником воздействия в современном мире, включая экспозицию несколькими группами частот: крайне низкие частоты от линий электропередач, гибридных батарей автомобилей и высоковольтных линий (>3 Hz–3 kHz); ра-диочастоты; микроволновые частоты, включая миллиметровые волны (3 kHz–300 GHz) от мобильных телефонов, вышек, базовых станций и беспроводных устройств, и промежуточные частоты, так называемое «грязное электричество», производимое силовыми кабелями.
Международные организации, такие как Международная комиссия по защите от не ионизирующего излучения, продолжают заявлять, что электромагнитное излучение может вызывать «только термальные воздействия», «цепляясь» за теорию, которая противоречит фактам, и за устаревшие стандарты тепловой безопасности.
Однако научные исследования позволили накопить большой объем доказательств того, что нетепловые воздействия на здоровье, вызванные электромагнитной радиацией, существуют на самом деле, важны с точки зрения потенциального вреда для здоровья, и их всегда следует учитывать при разработке стандартов безопасности. В обзоре представлены некоторые доказательства биологических эффектов на разные системы организма и предложены меры профилактики, призванные смягчить данные воздействия на здоровье.

Ключевые слова: 
электромагнитное излучение, нетепловое воздействие, здоровье, электрогиперчувствительность, профилактические меры, стандарты безопасности
Штэйн Я. Профилактические меры, призванные смягчить негативное воздействие электромагнитной радиации на здоровье // Анализ риска здоровью. – 2021. – № 3. – С. 42–53. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2021.3.04
Список литературы: 
  1. Markov M. Thermal Vs. Nonthermal Mechanisms of Interactions Between Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Sys-tems // Bioelectromagnetics Current Concepts. NATO Security Through Science Series / eds. by S.N. Ayrapetyan, M.S. Markov. – Dordrecht: Springer, 2006. – P. 1–15. DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-4278-7_1
  2. ICNIRP Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 Khz To 300 ghz) // Health Phys. – 2020. – Vol. 118, № 5. – P. 483–524. DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001210.
  3. Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective / D. Belpomme, L. Hardell, I. Belyaev, E. Burgio, D.O. Carpenter // Environmental Pollution. – 2018. – Vol. 242, pt. A. – P. 643–658. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.019
  4. Lai H., Singh N.P. Melatonin and N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone block 60-Hz magnetic field-induced DNA single and double strand breaks in rat brain cells // J. Pineal Res. – 1997. – Vol. 22, № 3. – P. 152–162. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.1997.tb00317.x
  5. Clastogenicity and aneuploidy in newborn and adult mice exposed to 50 Hz magnetic fields / I. Udroiu, M. Cristaldi, L.A. Ieradi, A. Bedini, L. Giuliani, C. Tanzarella // Int. J. Rad. Biol. – 2006. – Vol. 82, № 8. – P. 561–567. DOI: 10.1080/09553000600876660
  6. Impact of radiofrequency radiation on DNA damage and antioxidants in peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans re-siding in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations / Zothansiama, M. Zosangzuali, M. Lalramdinpuii, G.C. Jagetia // Electro-magnetic Biology & Medicine. – 2017. – Vol. 36, № 3. – P. 295–305. DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2017.1350584
  7. Marino A.A. Time-dependent hematological changes in workers exposed to electromagnetic fields // Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. – 1995. – Vol. 56, № 2. – P. 189–192. DOI: 10.1080/15428119591017231
  8. Lai H. Exposure to Static and Extremely-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Cellular Free Radicals // Elec-tromagnetic Biology and Medicine. – 2019. – Vol. 38, № 4. – P. 231–248. DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1656645
  9. Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System / J.H. Kim, J.-K. Lee, H.-G. Kim, K.-B. Kim, H.R. Kim // Biomol. Ther. – 2019. – Vol. 27, № 3. – P. 265–275. DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.152
  10. Sheppard A.R., Bawin S.M., Adey W.R. Models of long‐range order in cerebral macromolecules: Effects of sub‐ELF and of modulated VHF and UHF fields // Radio Science. – 1979. – Vol. 14, № 6S. – P.141–145. DOI: 10.1029/RS014i06Sp00141
  11. Blood-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones / J.L. Eberhardt, B.R. Persson, A.E. Brun, L.G. Salford, L.O. Malmgren // Electromagn Biol. Med. – 2008. – Vol. 27, № 3. – P. 215–229. DOI: 10.1080/15368370802344037
  12. Mobile-phone pulse triggers evoked potentials / S. Carrubba, C. Frilot 2nd, A.L. Chesson Jr., A.A. Marino // Neurosci Lett. – 2010. – Vol. 469, № 1. – P. 164–168. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.068
  13. Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field (ELF-MF) Exposure Sensitizes SH-SY5Y Cells to the Pro-Parkinson's Disease Toxin MPP (.) / B. Benassi, G. Filomeni, C. Montagna, C. Merla, V. Lopresto, R. Pinto, C. Marino, C. Consales // Mol .Neurobiol. – 2016. – Vol. 53, № 6. – P. 4247–4260. DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9354-4
  14. Effect of weak combined static and extremely low-frequency alternating magnetic fields on spatial memory and brain amyloid-β in two animal models of Alzheimer’s disease / N.V. Bobkova, V.V. Novikov, N.I. Medvinskaya, I.Y. Aleksandrova, I.V. Nesterova, E.E. Fesenko // Electromagn. Biol. Med. – 2018. – Vol. 37, № 3. – P. 127–137. DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1471700
  15. The role of electromagnetic fields in neurological disorders / M. Terzi, B. Ozberk, O.G. Deniz, S. Kaplan // J. Chem. Neuroanat. – 2016. – Vol. 7, pt. B. – P. 77–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.04.003
  16. Mobile Phone Use, Blood Lead Levels, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Symptoms in Children: a longitudinal study / Y.-H. Byun, M. Ha, H.-J. Kwon, Y.-C. Hong, J.-H. Leem, J. Sakong, S.Y. Kim, C.G. Lee [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2013. – Vol. 8, № 3. – P. e59742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059742
  17. Pall M.L. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health // Environmental Research. – 2018. – № 164. – P. 405–416. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.035
  18. Pall M.L. Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression // J. Chem. Neuroanat. – 2016. – Vol. 75, pt. B. – P. 43–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.08.001
  19. Szmigielski S. Reaction of the immune system to low-level RF/MW exposures // Sci. Total. Environ. – 2013. – Vol. 454–455. – P. 393–400. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.034
  20. El-Gohary O.A., Said M.A. Effect of electromagnetic waves from mobile phone on immune status of male rats: possible protective role of vitamin D // Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. – 2017. – Vol. 95, № 2. – P. 151–156. DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0218
  21. Marshall T.G., Rumann Heil T.J. Electrosmog and autoimmune disease // Immunol. Res. – 2017. – Vol. 65, № 1 – P. 129–135. DOI 10.1007/s12026-016-8825-7
  22. Effect of the weak extremely-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation on the indices of the Humoral Immunity in healthy mice / K.V. Lushnikov, A.B. Gapeev, V.B. Sadovnikov, N.K. Chemeris // Biophysics. – 2001. – Vol. 46, № 4. – P. 711–719.
  23. Belpomme D., Irigaray P. Electrohypersensitivity as a Newly Identified and Characterized Neurologic Pathological Disorder: How to Diagnose, Treat, and Prevent It // Int. J. Mol. Sci. – 2020. – Vol. 21, № 6. – P. 1915. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061915
  24. Impact of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the testicular inflammatory pathway biomarkers in young rats: The role of gallic acid / M. Saygin, H. Asci, O. Ozmen, F.N. Cankara, D. Dincoglu, I. Ilhan // Environ Toxicol. – 2016. – Vol. 31, № 12. – P. 1771–1784. DOI: 10.1002/tox.22179
  25. Schauer I., Mohamad Al-Ali B. Combined effects of varicocele and cell phones on semen and hormonal parameters // Wien Klin Wochenschr. – 2018. – Vol. 130. – P. 335–340. DOI: 10.1007/s00508-017-1277-9
  26. Skin changes in patients claiming to suffer from “screen dermatitis”: a two-case open-field provocation study / O. Johansson, M. Hilliges, V. Björnhagen, K. Hall // Exp. Dermatol. – 1994. – Vol. 3, № 5. – P. 234–238. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1994.tb00282.x
  27. Johansson O., Liu P.-Y. “Electrosensitivity”, “electrosupersensitivity” and “screen dermatitis”: preliminary observa-tions from on-going studies in the human skin // Proceedings of the COST 244: Biomedical Effects of Electromagnetic Fields – Workshop on Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity / Ed. by D. Simunic. – Brussels/Graz: EU/EC (DG XIII). – 1995. – P. 52–57.
  28. Efectos de la radiación electromagnética en la piel [Effects of electromagnetic radiation on skin] / M.A. Cardona-Hernández, L. Fierro-Arias, A.L. Cabrera Pérez, A.A. Vidal-Flores // Dermatol. Rev. Mex. – 2017. – Vol. 61, № 4. – P. 292–302.
  29. Exposure to acute electromagnetic radiation of mobile phone exposure range alters transiently skin homeostasis of a model of pigmented reconstructed epidermis / D. Simon, A. Daubos, C. Pain, R. Fitoussi, K. Vié, A. Taieb, L. de Benetti, M. Cario-André // Int. J. Cosmet Sci. – 2013. – Vol. 35, № 1. – P. 27–34. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00746.x
  30. Esen F., Esen H. Effect of electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phones on the latency of evoked electrodermal ac-tivity // Int. J. Neurosci. – 2006. – Vol. 116, № 3. – P. 321–329. DOI: 10.1080/00207450500403371
  31. The electromagnetic response of human skin in the millimetre and submillimetre wave range / Y. Feldman, A. Puzenko, P.B. Ishai, A. Caduff, I. Davidovich, F. Sakran, A.J. Agranat // Phys. Med. Biol. – 2009. – Vol. 54, № 11. – P. 3341–3363. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/11/005
  32. Blank M. Electric stimulation of protein synthesis in muscle // Advances in Chemistry. – 1995. – Vol. 250. – P. 143–153. DOI: 10.1021/ba-1995-0250.ch009
  33. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: evidence for a novel neurological syndrome / D.E. McCarty, S. Carrubba, A.L. Ches-son, C. Frilot, E. Gonzalez-Toledo, A.A. Marino // Int. J. Neurosci. – 2011. – Vol. 121, № 12. – P. 670–676. DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.608139
  34. Vangelova K., Deyanov C., Israel M. Cardiovascular risk in operators under radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation // Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. – 2006. – Vol. 209, № 2. – P. 133–138. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.09.008
  35. Electromagnetic field exposure and health among RF plastic sealer operators / J. Wilen, R. Hornsten, M. Sandstrom, P. Bjerle, U. Wiklund, O. Stensson, E. Lyskov, K.H. Mild // Bioelectromagnetics. – 2004. – Vol. 25, № 1. – P. 5–15. DOI: 10.1002/bem.10154
  36. The Compound Chinese Medicine “Kang Fu Ling” Protects against High Power Microwave-Induced Myocardial Inju-ry / X. Zhang, Y. Gao, J. Dong, S. Wang, B. Yao, J. Zhang, S. Hu, X. Xu [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2014. – Vol. 9, № 7. – P. e101532. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101532
  37. Electromagnetic fields promote severe and unique vascular calcification in an animal model of ectopic calcification / M. Shuvy, S. Abedat, R. Beeri, M. Valitzki, Y. Stein, K. Meir, C. Lotan // Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. – 2014. – Vol. 66, № 7. – P. 345–350. DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.05.001
  38. Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental emission / L. Falcioni, L. Bua, E. Tibaldi, M. Lauriola, L. De Angelis, F. Gnudi, D. Mandrioli, M. Manservigi [et al.] // Environ. Res. – 2018. – Vol. 165. – P. 496–503. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.037
  39. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies in Sprague Dawley Rats Exposed to Whole-body Radio Frequency Radiation at a Frequency (900 Mhz) and Modulations (GSM and CDMA) Used by Cell Phones: Technical Report 595 [Электронный ресурс] // National Toxicology Program. Public Health Service. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. – 2018. – URL: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr595_508.pdf?utm_source=di... (дата обращения: 05.06.2021)
  40. Meo S.A., Rubeaan K.Al. Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field radiation (EMFR) generated by activated mobile phones on fasting blood glucose // Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health. – 2013. – Vol. 26, № 2. – P. 235–241. DOI: 10.2478/s13382-013-0107-1
  41. Salah M.B., Abdelmelek H., Abderraba M. Effects of olive leave extract on metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in-duced by 2.45 GHz WIFI signals // Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. – 2013. – Vol. 36, № 3. – P. 826–834. DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.07.013
  42. Stein Y., Udasin I. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS, microwave syndrome) – Review of mechanisms // Environ-mental Research. – 2020. – Vol. 186. – P. 09445. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109445
  43. Belyaev I. Biophysical Mechanisms for Nonthermal Microwave Effects // Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Med-icine (1st ed.) / Ed. by M.S. Markov. – Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2015. – Chapter 5. – P. 49–68.
  44. Multiple power-density windows and their possible origin / C.F. Blackman, L.S. Kinney, D.E. House, W.T. Joines // Bioelectromagnetics. – 1989. – Vol. 10, № 2. – P. 115–128. DOI: 10.1002/bem2250100202
  45. Liboff A.R. Geomagnetic cyclotron resonance in living cells // J. Biological. Phys. – 1985. – Vol. 13, № 4. – P. 99–102.
  46. Panagopoulos D.J., Karabarbounis A., Margaritis L.H. Mechanism for action of electromagnetic fields on cells // Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. – 2002. – Vol. 298, № 1. – P. 95–102. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02393-8
  47. Mechanism of short-term ERK activation by electromagnetic fields at mobile phone frequencies / J. Friedman, S. Kraus, Y. Hauptman, Y. Schiff, R. Seger // The Biochemical journal. – 2007. – Vol. 405, № 3. – P. 559–568. DOI: 10.1042/BJ20061653
  48. Investigating the Icr Effect in a Zhadin’s Cell / L. Giuliani, E. D’Emilia, S. Grimaldi, A. Lisi, N. Bobkova, M.N. Zhadin // Int. J. Biomed. Sci. – 2009. – Vol. 5, № 2, – P. 181–186.
  49. Zhadin M. On mechanism of combined extremely weak magnetic field action on aquaeous solution of amino acid // Non-thermal effects and mechanisms of interaction between electromagnetic fields and living matter. ICEMS Monograph. Eur. J. Oncology. – 2010. – Vol. 5. – P. 1–5.
  50. Blank M., Goodman R. DNA is a fractal antenna in electromagnetic fields // Int. J. Radiat. Biol. – 2011. – Vol. 87, № 4. – P. 409–415. DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.538130
  51. Guideline of the Austrian Medical Association for diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and ill-nesses (EMF Syndrome) [Электронный ресурс] // Austrian Medical Association. – 2012. – URL: https://vagbrytaren.org/Guideline%20%20AG-EMF.pdf (дата обращения: 11.08.2021).
  52. EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses / I. Belyaev, A. Dean, H. Eger, G. Hubmann, R. Jandrisovits, M. Kern, M. Kundi, H. Moshammer [et al.] // Rev. Envi-ron. Health. – 2016. – Vol. 31, № 3. – P. 363–397. DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0011
  53. О рекомендациях родителям по безопасному использованию мобильного телефона [Электронный ресурс] // Фе-деральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека: официальный сайт. – URL: https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/about/info/news/news_details.php?ELEMENT_... (дата обращения: 15.07.2021).
  54. What you need to know about wireless radiation and your baby. The Baby Safe Project [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://128441a4-6b5e-4ac8-8d74-a461f5bada16.filesusr.com/ugd/2cea04_974... (дата обращения: 04.06.2021).
  55. Living with Technology, Children's Health Remains their Inexplicable Right and our Own Obligation: Press release 24 June 2019 [Электронный ресурс] // Cyprus Committee on Environment and Children's Health. – URL: https://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/PRESS-RELEASE-Cyprus-2019-Campaig... (дата обращения: 07.06.2021).
  56. Mallery-Blythe E. 2020 Consensus Statement of UK and International Medical and Scientific Experts and Practitioners on Health Effects of Non-Ionising Radiation (NIR) [Электронный ресурс] // Physicians’ Health Initiative for Radiation and Environment (PHIRE) & British Society for Ecological Medicine (BSEM). – URL: https://phiremedical.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2020-Non-Ionising-Ra... (дата обращения: 07.06.2021).
  57. Switzerland Doctors For Environmental Protection [Электронный ресурс] // 2020 Consensus Statement of UK and International Medical and Scientific Experts and Practitioners on Health Effects of Non-Ionising Radiation (NIR). – URL: https://ehtrust.org/science/medical-doctors-consensus-statements-recomme... (дата обращения: 07.06.2021).
  58. Cell Phone Radiation & Children’s Health: What Parents Need to Know [Электронный ресурс] // American academy of Pediatrics. – URL: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/all-around/Pag... (дата обращения: 08.06.2021).
  59. 10 Years after the Freiburg Appeal: Radio-frequency Radiation Poses a Health Risk. Physicians Demand Overdue Pre-caution [Электронный ресурс] // International Doctors ́Appeal 2012. – URL: http://freiburger-appell-2012.info/media/International_Doctors_Appeal_20... (дата обращения: 17.05.2021).
  60. Di Ciaula A. 5G networks in European Countries: appeal for a standstill in the respect of the precautionary principle [Электронный ресурс] // International Society of Doctors for Environment. – URL: https://www.isde.org/5G_appeal.pdf (дата обращения: 14.06.2021).
  61. The Venice Resolution [Электронный ресурс] // International commission for electromagnetic safety. – 2008. – URL: http://www.icems.eu/resolution.htm (дата обращения: 13.06.2021).
  62. The Benevento Resolution [Электронный ресурс] // International Commission for Electromagnetic Safety. – 2006. – URL: http://www.icems.eu/docs/BeneventoResolution_REVISED_march2008.pdf (дата обращения: 13.06.2021).
  63. Scientists call for Protection from Non-ionizing Electromagnetic Field Exposure: International Appeal [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://emfscientist.org/index.php/emf-scientist-appeal (дата обращения: 20.06.2021).
  64. Simunic D. Measurement of RF Near and Far Fields // WHO International Seminar on Biological Effects, Health Con-sequences and Standards for Pulsed Radiofrequency fields. – Erice, November 21–30, 1999.
  65. Step by step to safe technology [Электронный ресурс] // Environmental Health Trust. – URL: https://ehtrust.org/resources-to-share/printable-resources/ (дата обращения: 17.08.2021).
  66. Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective / D. Belpomme, L. Hardell, I. Belyaev, E. Burgio, D.O. Carpenter // Environ. Pollut. – 2018. – Vol. 242, pt. A. – P. 643–658. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.019
  67. Adverse Effects of 5G mobile networking technology under real-life conditions / N. Kostoff, P. Heroux, M. Aschner, A. Tsatsakis // Toxicology Letters. – 2020. – Vol. 323. – P. 35–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.020
  68. Russian National Committee of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection – 2008 report [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.who.int/peh-emf/project/mapnatreps/RUSSIA%20report%202008.pdf (дата обращения: 11.08.2021).
  69. Scientists and Doctors Demand Moratorium on 5G. Increased radiation from cell towers poses potential risks, say scientists from around the world [Электронный ресурс] // Environmental Health Trust. – 2017. – URL: https://ehtrust.org/scientists-and-doctors-demand-moratorium-on-5g-warni... (дата обращения: 09.06.2021).
  70. The 5G appeal [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.5gappeal.eu/ (дата обращения: 09.06.2021).
  71. Stop 5G on Earth and in Space: International Appeal, An Emergency Appeal to the World’s Governments by Scien-tists, Doctors, Environmental Organizations and Others [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.5gspaceappeal.org/the-appeal (дата обращения: 20.06.2021).
  72. El-Hajj A.M., Naous T. Radiation Analysis in a Gradual 5G Network Deployment Strategy // 2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF). – 2020. – P. 448–453. DOI: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221314
  73. Ishai P.B. The Green Dilemma of 5G Densification [Электронный ресурс] // The Times of Israel. – URL: https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-green-dilemma-of-5g-densification/ (дата обращения: 19.06.2021).
Получена: 
03.06.2021
Принята: 
15.09.2021
Опубликована: 
30.09.2021

Вы здесь

Главная