Оценка риска никельсодержащих наноматериалов: характеристика опасности in vivo
И.В. Гмошинский1, С.А. Хотимченко1,2
1Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи, Россия, 109240, г. Москва, Устьинский проезд, 2/14
2Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова, Россия, 119991, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2
Наночастицы (НЧ) никеля (Ni) и его соединений имеют широкие перспективы использования в качестве катали-заторов в химической, фармацевтической и пищевой промышленности, конструкционных материалов в электронике и фотонике, при производстве источников тока, медицинских лекарственных и диагностических препаратов, пестицидов. Объем годового производства этих веществ в наноформе измеряется десятками тонн и будет в дальнейшем еще более возрастать. Наноформы Ni и его соединений, по данным многочисленных исследований, обладают токсичностью в отношении многих типов клеток, стимулируют процессы апоптоза и могут вызывать злокачественную трансформацию in vitro. Это указывает на данную группу наноматериалов как возможный источник риска для здоровья человека. Необходимым звеном в оценке риска является количественная характеристика опасности, то есть установление токсических и максимальных недействующих доз наноматериала при его поступлении в организм через дыхательные пути, неповрежденную кожу и желудочно-кишечный тракт. В экспериментах in vivo на лабораторных животных для Ni-содержащих наноматериалов отмечены общетоксическое, органотоксическое (включая гепатоток-сическое и кардиотоксическое), атерогенное, аллергенное, иммунотоксическое действия, репродуктивная токсичность. Имеются многочисленные данные, свидетельствующие о наличии у всех Ni-cодержащих наноматериалов генотоксичности и мутагенности, хотя сведения об их возможном канцерогенном потенциале ограничены. Факторами, определяющими токсичность Ni и его соединений в наноформе, являются их способности к проникновению через биологические барьеры и высвобождению свободных ионов Ni++ в биологических средах.
В обзоре выполнен анализ и обобщение данных о проявлениях токсичности in vivo и действующих токсических дозах при различных путях поступления в организм Ni и его соединений в наноформе за период преимущественно с 2011 г.
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