Состав кишечной микробиоты как фактор риска развития ожирения у детей

Файл статьи: 
Иконка PDF health-risk-analysis-2021-1-17.pdf
УДК: 
579.61
DOI: 
10.21668/health.risk/2021.1.17
Авторы: 

П.Ю. Петрова, А.Д. Ага, Е.С. Трапезникова, Е.В. Буданова

Организация: 

Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова, Россия, 119048, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8/1

Аннотация: 

Сегодня ожирение – результат формирования аномальных или чрезмерных жировых отложений в организме – достигло масштабов эпидемии. К факторам риска развития данного заболевания относят образ жизни, наследственность, а также метаболическую активность кишечной микробиоты. Исследования последних десятилетий показывают, что микробы, колонизирующие кишечник человека, играют важную роль в поддержании нормального метаболизма. Прослеживается корреляция между нарушениями микробного состава кишечника и иммунными расстройствами, повышенной восприимчивостью к инфекциям и ожирением. Появляется все больше доказательств того, что кишечная микробиота и ее бактериальный геном в целом влияют на усвоение питательных веществ, регулируют энергообмен и накопление жира.
Были обнаружены различия в составе кишечной микробиоты у детей и взрослых с ожирением по сравнению с людьми с нормальным индексом массы тела. Способы родоразрешения и вскармливания являются одними из ключевых факторов, которые влияют на формирование кишечной микробиоты ребенка. Так результаты исследований говорят о том, что естественные роды, в отличие от кесарева сечения, могут предупредить развитие ожирения у ребенка. А грудное вскармливание вносит значительный вклад в развитие младенца, так как грудное молоко – сбалансированная пища, обеспечивающая оптимальный метаболизм в организме новорожденного, формирующая его микробиоту. В то же время, по данным многочисленных статей, искусственное вскармливание может быть ассоциировано с дальнейшим развитием ожирения.
Среди способов борьбы с ожирением выделяют лекарственную терапию, диетическое питание, физическую активность, а также бариатрическую хирургию, которая в настоящее время считается самым эффективным методом. Снижение массы тела путем воздействия на кишечную микробиоту является одним из многих направлений исследований. Несмотря на объективные данные о благоприятном воздействии пробиотиков и пребиотиков на микробный состав кишечника, эксперты до сих пор не пришли к единому мнению об их эффективности.

Ключевые слова: 
ожирение, кишечная микробиота, ожирение у детей, пробиотики, пребиотики, Akkermansia muciniphila, способ вскармливания, способ родоразрешения, пищевые привычки
Состав кишечной микробиоты как фактор риска развития ожирения у детей / П.Ю. Петрова, А.Д. Ага, Е.С. Трапезникова, Е.В. Буданова // Анализ риска здоровью. – 2021. – № 4. – С. 159–172. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2021.1.17
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Получена: 
26.01.2021
Принята: 
16.02.2021
Опубликована: 
30.03.2021

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