Наноглины в пищевой продукции: польза и возможные риски (Обзор литературы)

Файл статьи: 
Иконка PDF health-risk-analysis-2020-1-16.pdf
УДК: 
546.[62+284]: 552.524: 613.2
DOI: 
10.21668/health.risk/2020.1.16
Авторы: 

И.В. Гмошинский1, О.В. Багрянцева1,2, О.В. Арнаутов3, С.А. Хотимченко1,2

Организация: 

1Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи, Россия, 109240, г. Москва, Устьинский проезд, 2/14
2Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова, Россия, 119991, г. Москва, уд. Большая Пироговская, 2, стр. 2
3Евразийская экономическая комиссия, Россия, 115114, г. Москва, ул. Летниковская, 2, стр. 1, стр. 2.

Аннотация: 

Наноглины (НГ) представлены алюмосиликатами, слагаемыми слоями (нанопластинами) толщиной 1–2 нм и диаметром более 1 мкм, нанотрубками и нанодисками. Благодаря такой структуре и наличию ионообменных, сорбционных свойств и слабой газопроницаемости НГ широко применяются в промышленности, сельском хозяйстве и медицине. При производстве газобарьерных композитных упаковочных материалов используются гидрофобные НГ, модифицированные катионоактивными поверхностно-активными веществами. Пероральная экспозиция человека НГ возможна вследствие их миграции из упаковочных материалов в пищевые продукты и напитки, при использовании НГ в медицине в качестве энтеросорбентов и антибактериальных средств, с пищевыми добавками, остаточными количествами технологических вспомогательных средств, а также при непреднамеренной контаминации глинами сельскохозяйственного сырья и пищевой продукции. В многочисленных исследованиях в модельных системах in vitro НГ проявляли цитотоксичность для клеток различных типов, более высокую у гидрофобных НГ по сравнению с их немодифицированными аналогами. Действующая концентрация НГ в различных тестах in vitro составляла от 0,001 до 1 мг/мл. Исследования токсичности НГ in vivo дали частично противоречивые результаты. Хотя НГ не проявили заметной острой токсичности (IV класс опасности, LD50 > 5000 мг/кг), результаты подострых и субхронических экспериментов продолжительностью до 196 суток и единичных клинических наблюдений указали на ряд как токсических, так и нетоксических эффектов. Органические модификаторы НГ были высокотоксичны in vivo. Помимо этого НГ обладают антимикробным действием, что создает возможность развития дисбиотических нарушений при их пероральном поступлении. В модельных экспериментах показана возможность миграции НГ и их органических модификаторов из упаковочных материалов в пищевую продукцию. НГ способны высвобождать кремний и алюминий, которые частично биодоступны. Вклад НГ, содержащихся в упаковочных материалах, в общую экспозицию населения токсичным элементом алюминием заслуживает тщательной оценки в связи с неблагоприятным положением, создающимся из-за поступления глинистых минералов в организм человека в составе пищевых добавок. Оценка уровней потребления алюминия с рационами населением РФ и ряда зарубежных стран показала необходимость исключения алюмосиликатов калия и кальция, бентонита и каолина (Е555, Е556, Е558 и Е559) из перечня разрешенных для использования в пищевой промышленности.

Ключевые слова: 
наноглины, алюминий, пищевая добавка, экспозиция, биодоступность, токсичность, кишечный микробиоценоз, риски.
Гмошинский И.В., Багрянцева О.В., Арнаутов О.В., Хотимченко С.А. Наноглины в пищевой продукции: польза и возможные риски (Обзор литературы) // Анализ риска здоровью. – 2020. – № 1. – С. 142–164. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2020.1.16
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Получена: 
17.02.2020
Принята: 
18.03.2020
Опубликована: 
30.03.2020

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